Question 3

From Van Bergen, P., Wall, J., & Salmon, K. (2015). The good, the bad, and the neutral: The influence of emotional valence on young children’s recall. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 4(1), 29-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jarmac.2014.11.001

There was a significant main effect for valence, F(2, 51) = 30.15, p < .01, ŋ_p² = .36. Emotional (positively or negatively valenced) stories were better recalled than neutral stories (M = 4.28, SD = 2.73), and negatively valenced stories (M = 7.83, SD = 3.62) were better recalled than positively valenced stories (M = 5.50, SD = 2.95). As expected, given the greater amount of emotion/state information available to be recalled, there was a significant main effect for information type, F(1, 53) = 37.74, p < .01, ŋ_p² = .42. Finally, there was a significant valence × information type interaction (see Figure 1), F(1.78, 52.22) = 6.18, p < .01, ŋ_p² = .10 (because the test violated the assumption of sphericity, χ² = 8.37, p = .02, the Huyn–Feldt adjustment was used). Bonferroni-adjusted comparisons for event-related information, F(2, 52) = 17.54, p < .01, ŋ_p² = .40, revealed that more information was recalled about negatively than positively valenced or neutral stories, p‘s < .01, which did not differ p = .11. Comparisons for emotion/state information, F(2, 52) = 15.04, p < .01, ŋ_p² = .36, revealed that more information was recalled for emotional relative to neutral stories, p‘s < .01, but there was no significant difference in the recall of positively and negatively valenced stories, p = .17.

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